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#### 5.35.4 Constraints for Particular Machines

Whenever possible, you should use the general-purpose constraint letters in `asm` arguments, since they will convey meaning more readily to people reading your code. Failing that, use the constraint letters that usually have very similar meanings across architectures. The most commonly used constraints are ‘`m`’ and ‘`r`’ (for memory and general-purpose registers respectively; see Simple Constraints), and ‘`I`’, usually the letter indicating the most common immediate-constant format.

For each machine architecture, the `config/machine/machine.h` file defines additional constraints. These constraints are used by the compiler itself for instruction generation, as well as for `asm` statements; therefore, some of the constraints are not particularly interesting for `asm`. The constraints are defined through these macros:

`REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER`
  Register class constraints (usually lowercase).
`CONST_OK_FOR_LETTER_P`
  Immediate constant constraints, for non-floating point constants of word size or smaller precision (usually uppercase).
`CONST_DOUBLE_OK_FOR_LETTER_P`
  Immediate constant constraints, for all floating point constants and for constants of greater than word size precision (usually uppercase).
`EXTRA_CONSTRAINT`
  Special cases of registers or memory. This macro is not required, and is only defined for some machines.

Inspecting these macro definitions in the compiler source for your machine is the best way to be certain you have the right constraints. However, here is a summary of the machine-dependent constraints available on some particular machines.

ARM family—`arm.h`
  `f`
    Floating-point register
  `w`
    VFP floating-point register
  `F`
    One of the floating-point constants 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 or 10.0
  `G`
    Floating-point constant that would satisfy the constraint ‘`F`’ if it were negated
  `I`
    Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in a data processing instruction. That is, an integer in the range 0 to 255 rotated by a multiple of 2
  `J`
    Integer in the range −4095 to 4095
  `K`
    Integer that satisfies constraint ‘`I`’ when inverted (ones complement)
  `L`
    Integer that satisfies constraint ‘`I`’ when negated (twos complement)
  `M`
    Integer in the range 0 to 32
  `Q`
    A memory reference where the exact address is in a single register (`‘`m`’' is preferable for `asm` statements)
  `R`
    An item in the constant pool
  `S`
    A symbol in the text segment of the current file
  `Uv`
    A memory reference suitable for VFP load/store insns (reg+constant offset)
  `Uy`
    A memory reference suitable for iWMMXt load/store instructions.
  `Uq`
    A memory reference suitable for the ARMv4 ldrsb instruction.
AVR family—`avr.h`
  `l`
    Registers from r0 to r15
  `a`
    Registers from r16 to r23
  `d`
    Registers from r16 to r31
  `w`
    Registers from r24 to r31. These registers can be used in ‘`adiw`’ command
  `e`
    Pointer register (r26–r31)
  `b`
    Base pointer register (r28–r31)
  `q`
    Stack pointer register (SPH:SPL)
  `t`
    Temporary register r0
  `x`
    Register pair X (r27:r26)
  `y`
    Register pair Y (r29:r28)
  `z`
    Register pair Z (r31:r30)
  `I`
    Constant greater than −1, less than 64
  `J`
    Constant greater than −64, less than 1
  `K`
    Constant integer 2
  `L`
    Constant integer 0
  `M`
    Constant that fits in 8 bits
  `N`
    Constant integer −1
  `O`
    Constant integer 8, 16, or 24
  `P`
    Constant integer 1
  `G`
    A floating point constant 0.0
CRX Architecture—`crx.h`
  `b`
    Registers from r0 to r14 (registers without stack pointer)
  `l`
    Register r16 (64-bit accumulator lo register)
  `h`
    Register r17 (64-bit accumulator hi register)
  `k`
    Register pair r16-r17. (64-bit accumulator lo-hi pair)
  `I`
    Constant that fits in 3 bits
  `J`
    Constant that fits in 4 bits
  `K`
    Constant that fits in 5 bits
  `L`
    Constant that is one of -1, 4, -4, 7, 8, 12, 16, 20, 32, 48
  `G`
    Floating point constant that is legal for store immediate
PowerPC and IBM RS6000—`rs6000.h`
  `b`
    Address base register
  `f`
    Floating point register
  `v`
    Vector register
  `h`
    ‘`MQ`’, ‘`CTR`’, or ‘`LINK`’ register
  `q`
    ‘`MQ`’ register
  `c`
    ‘`CTR`’ register
  `l`
    ‘`LINK`’ register
  `x`
    ‘`CR`’ register (condition register) number 0
  `y`
    ‘`CR`’ register (condition register)
  `z`
    ‘`FPMEM`’ stack memory for FPR-GPR transfers
  `I`
    Signed 16-bit constant
  `J`
    Unsigned 16-bit constant shifted left 16 bits (use ‘`L`’ instead for `SImode` constants)
  `K`
    Unsigned 16-bit constant
  `L`
    Signed 16-bit constant shifted left 16 bits
  `M`
    Constant larger than 31
  `N`
    Exact power of 2
  `O`
    Zero
  `P`
    Constant whose negation is a signed 16-bit constant
  `G`
    Floating point constant that can be loaded into a register with one instruction per word
  `Q`
    Memory operand that is an offset from a register (‘`m`’ is preferable for `asm` statements)
  `R`
    AIX TOC entry
  `S`
    Constant suitable as a 64-bit mask operand
  `T`
    Constant suitable as a 32-bit mask operand
  `U`
    System V Release 4 small data area reference
MorphoTech family—`mt.h`
  `I`
    Constant for an arithmetic insn (16-bit signed integer).
  `J`
    The constant 0.
  `K`
    Constant for a logical insn (16-bit zero-extended integer).
  `L`
    A constant that can be loaded with `lui` (i.e. the bottom 16 bits are zero).
  `M`
    A constant that takes two words to load (i.e. not matched by `I`, `K`, or `L`).
  `N`
    Negative 16-bit constants other than -65536.
  `O`
    A 15-bit signed integer constant.
  `P`
    A positive 16-bit constant.
Intel 386—`i386.h`
  `q`
    ‘`a`’, `b`, `c`, or `d` register for the i386. For x86-64 it is equivalent to ‘`r`’ class (for 8-bit instructions that do not use upper halves).
  `Q`
    ‘`a`’, `b`, `c`, or `d` register (for 8-bit instructions, that do use upper halves).
  `R`
    Legacy register—equivalent to `r` class in i386 mode. (for non-8-bit registers used together with 8-bit upper halves in a single instruction)
  `A`
    Specifies the ‘`a`’ or ‘`d`’ registers. This is primarily useful for 64-bit integer values (when in 32-bit mode) intended to be returned with the ‘`d`’ register holding the most significant bits and the ‘`a`’ register holding the least significant bits.
  `f`
    Floating point register
  `t`
    First (top of stack) floating point register
  `u`
    Second floating point register
  `a`
    ‘`a`’ register
  `b`
    ‘`b`’ register
  `c`
    ‘`c`’ register
  `C`
    Specifies constant that can be easily constructed in SSE register without loading it from memory.
  `d`
    ‘`d`’ register
  `D`
    ‘`di`’ register
  `S`
    ‘`si`’ register
  `x`
    ‘`xmm`’ SSE register
  `y`
    MMX register
  `I`
    Constant in range 0 to 31 (for 32-bit shifts)
  `J`
    Constant in range 0 to 63 (for 64-bit shifts)
  `K`
    ‘`0xff`’
  `L`
    ‘`0xffff`’
  `M`
    0, 1, 2, or 3 (shifts for `lea` instruction)
  `N`
    Constant in range 0 to 255 (for `out` instruction)
  `Z`
    Constant in range 0 to `0xffffffff` or symbolic reference known to fit specified range. (for using immediates in zero extending 32-bit to 64-bit x86-64 instructions)
  `e`
    Constant in range −2147483648 to 2147483647 or symbolic reference known to fit specified range. (for using immediates in 64-bit x86-64 instructions)
  `G`
    Standard 80387 floating point constant
Intel IA-64—`ia64.h`
  `a`
    General register `r0` to `r3` for `addl` instruction
  `b`
    Branch register
  `c`
    Predicate register (‘`c`’ as in “conditional”)
  `d`
    Application register residing in M-unit
  `e`
    Application register residing in I-unit
  `f`
    Floating-point register
  `m`
    Memory operand. Remember that ‘`m`’ allows postincrement and postdecrement which require printing with ‘`%Pn`’ on IA-64. Use ‘`S`’ to disallow postincrement and postdecrement.
  `G`
    Floating-point constant 0.0 or 1.0
  `I`
    14-bit signed integer constant
  `J`
    22-bit signed integer constant
  `K`
    8-bit signed integer constant for logical instructions
  `L`
    8-bit adjusted signed integer constant for compare pseudo-ops
  `M`
    6-bit unsigned integer constant for shift counts
  `N`
    9-bit signed integer constant for load and store postincrements
  `O`
    The constant zero
  `P`
    0 or −1 for `dep` instruction
  `Q`
    Non-volatile memory for floating-point loads and stores
  `R`
    Integer constant in the range 1 to 4 for `shladd` instruction
  `S`
    Memory operand except postincrement and postdecrement
FRV—`frv.h`
  `a`
    Register in the class `ACC_REGS` (`acc0` to `acc7`).
  `b`
    Register in the class `EVEN_ACC_REGS` (`acc0` to `acc7`).
  `c`
    Register in the class `CC_REGS` (`fcc0` to `fcc3` and `icc0` to `icc3`).
  `d`
    Register in the class `GPR_REGS` (`gr0` to `gr63`).
  `e`
    Register in the class `EVEN_REGS` (`gr0` to `gr63`). Odd registers are excluded not in the class but through the use of a machine mode larger than 4 bytes.
  `f`
    Register in the class `FPR_REGS` (`fr0` to `fr63`).
  `h`
    Register in the class `FEVEN_REGS` (`fr0` to `fr63`). Odd registers are excluded not in the class but through the use of a machine mode larger than 4 bytes.
  `l`
    Register in the class `LR_REG` (the `lr` register).
  `q`
    Register in the class `QUAD_REGS` (`gr2` to `gr63`). Register numbers not divisible by 4 are excluded not in the class but through the use of a machine mode larger than 8 bytes.
  `t`
    Register in the class `ICC_REGS` (`icc0` to `icc3`).
  `u`
    Register in the class `FCC_REGS` (`fcc0` to `fcc3`).
  `v`
    Register in the class `ICR_REGS` (`cc4` to `cc7`).
  `w`
    Register in the class `FCR_REGS` (`cc0` to `cc3`).
  `x`
    Register in the class `QUAD_FPR_REGS` (`fr0` to `fr63`). Register numbers not divisible by 4 are excluded not in the class but through the use of a machine mode larger than 8 bytes.
  `z`
    Register in the class `SPR_REGS` (`lcr` and `lr`).
  `A`
    Register in the class `QUAD_ACC_REGS` (`acc0` to `acc7`).
  `B`
    Register in the class `ACCG_REGS` (`accg0` to `accg7`).
  `C`
    Register in the class `CR_REGS` (`cc0` to `cc7`).
  `G`
    Floating point constant zero
  `I`
    6-bit signed integer constant
  `J`
    10-bit signed integer constant
  `L`
    16-bit signed integer constant
  `M`
    16-bit unsigned integer constant
  `N`
    12-bit signed integer constant that is negative—i.e. in the range of −2048 to −1
  `O`
    Constant zero
  `P`
    12-bit signed integer constant that is greater than zero—i.e. in the range of 1 to 2047.
Blackfin family—`bfin.h`
  `a`
    P register
  `d`
    D register
  `z`
    A call clobbered P register.
  `D`
    Even-numbered D register
  `W`
    Odd-numbered D register
  `e`
    Accumulator register.
  `A`
    Even-numbered accumulator register.
  `B`
    Odd-numbered accumulator register.
  `b`
    I register
  `B`
    B register
  `f`
    M register
  `c`
    Registers used for circular buffering, i.e. I, B, or L registers.
  `C`
    The CC register.
  `x`
    Any D, P, B, M, I or L register.
  `y`
    Additional registers typically used only in prologues and epilogues: RETS, RETN, RETI, RETX, RETE, ASTAT, SEQSTAT and USP.
  `w`
    Any register except accumulators or CC.
  `Ksh`
    Signed 16 bit integer (in the range -32768 to 32767)
  `Kuh`
    Unsigned 16 bit integer (in the range 0 to 65535)
  `Ks7`
    Signed 7 bit integer (in the range -64 to 63)
  `Ku7`
    Unsigned 7 bit integer (in the range 0 to 127)
  `Ku5`
    Unsigned 5 bit integer (in the range 0 to 31)
  `Ks4`
    Signed 4 bit integer (in the range -8 to 7)
  `Ks3`
    Signed 3 bit integer (in the range -3 to 4)
  `Ku3`
    Unsigned 3 bit integer (in the range 0 to 7)
  `P` n
    Constant n, where n is a single-digit constant in the range 0 to 4.
  `M1`
    Constant 255.
  `M2`
    Constant 65535.
  `J`
    An integer constant with exactly a single bit set.
  `L`
    An integer constant with all bits set except exactly one.
  `H`
  `Q`
    Any SYMBOL_REF.
M32C—`m32c.c`
Rsp
Rfb
Rsb
  ‘`$sp`’, ‘`$fb`’, ‘`$sb`’.
Rcr
  Any control register, when they're 16 bits wide (nothing if control registers are 24 bits wide)
Rcl
  Any control register, when they're 24 bits wide.
R0w
R1w
R2w
R3w
  $r0, $r1, $r2, $r3.
R02
  $r0 or $r2, or $r2r0 for 32 bit values.
R13
  $r1 or $r3, or $r3r1 for 32 bit values.
Rdi
  A register that can hold a 64 bit value.
Rhl
  $r0 or $r1 (registers with addressable high/low bytes)
R23
  $r2 or $r3
Raa
  Address registers
Raw
  Address registers when they're 16 bits wide.
Ral
  Address registers when they're 24 bits wide.
Rqi
  Registers that can hold QI values.
Rad
  Registers that can be used with displacements ($a0, $a1, $sb).
Rsi
  Registers that can hold 32 bit values.
Rhi
  Registers that can hold 16 bit values.
Rhc
  Registers chat can hold 16 bit values, including all control registers.
Rra
  $r0 through R1, plus $a0 and $a1.
Rfl
  The flags register.
Rmm
  The memory-based pseudo-registers $mem0 through $mem15.
Rpi
  Registers that can hold pointers (16 bit registers for r8c, m16c; 24 bit registers for m32cm, m32c).
Rpa
  Matches multiple registers in a PARALLEL to form a larger register. Used to match function return values.
Is3
  -8 ... 7
IS1
  -128 ... 127
IS2
  -32768 ... 32767
IU2
  0 ... 65535
In4
  -8 ... -1 or 1 ... 8
In5
  -16 ... -1 or 1 ... 16
In4
  -8 ... -1 or 1 ... 8
IM2
  -65536 ... -1
Ilb
  An 8 bit value with exactly one bit set.
Ilw
  A 16 bit value with exactly one bit set.
Sd
  The common src/dest memory addressing modes.
Sa
  Memory addressed using $a0 or $a1.
Si
  Memory addressed with immediate addresses.
Ss
  Memory addressed using the stack pointer ($sp).
Sf
  Memory addressed using the frame base register ($fb).
Ss
  Memory addressed using the small base register ($sb).
S1
  $r1h
MIPS—`mips.h`
  `d`
    General-purpose integer register
  `f`
    Floating-point register (if available)
  `h`
    ‘`Hi`’ register
  `l`
    ‘`Lo`’ register
  `x`
    ‘`Hi`’ or ‘`Lo`’ register
  `y`
    General-purpose integer register
  `z`
    Floating-point status register
  `I`
    Signed 16-bit constant (for arithmetic instructions)
  `J`
    Zero
  `K`
    Zero-extended 16-bit constant (for logic instructions)
  `L`
    Constant with low 16 bits zero (can be loaded with `lui`)
  `M`
    32-bit constant which requires two instructions to load (a constant which is not ‘`I`’, ‘`K`’, or ‘`L`’)
  `N`
    Negative 16-bit constant
  `O`
    Exact power of two
  `P`
    Positive 16-bit constant
  `G`
    Floating point zero
  `Q`
    Memory reference that can be loaded with more than one instruction (‘`m`’ is preferable for `asm` statements)
  `R`
    Memory reference that can be loaded with one instruction (‘`m`’ is preferable for `asm` statements)
  `S`
    Memory reference in external OSF/rose PIC format (‘`m`’ is preferable for `asm` statements)
Motorola 680x0—`m68k.h`
  `a`
    Address register
  `d`
    Data register
  `f`
    68881 floating-point register, if available
  `I`
    Integer in the range 1 to 8
  `J`
    16-bit signed number
  `K`
    Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x80
  `L`
    Integer in the range −8 to −1
  `M`
    Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x100
  `G`
    Floating point constant that is not a 68881 constant
Motorola 68HC11 & 68HC12 families—`m68hc11.h`
  `a`
    Register `a'
  `b`
    Register `b'
  `d`
    Register `d'
  `q`
    An 8-bit register
  `t`
    Temporary soft register _.tmp
  `u`
    A soft register _.d1 to _.d31
  `w`
    Stack pointer register
  `x`
    Register `x'
  `y`
    Register `y'
  `z`
    Pseudo register `z' (replaced by `x' or `y' at the end)
  `A`
    An address register: x, y or z
  `B`
    An address register: x or y
  `D`
    Register pair (x:d) to form a 32-bit value
  `L`
    Constants in the range −65536 to 65535
  `M`
    Constants whose 16-bit low part is zero
  `N`
    Constant integer 1 or −1
  `O`
    Constant integer 16
  `P`
    Constants in the range −8 to 2
SPARC—`sparc.h`
  `f`
    Floating-point register on the SPARC-V8 architecture and lower floating-point register on the SPARC-V9 architecture.
  `e`
    Floating-point register. It is equivalent to ‘`f`’ on the SPARC-V8 architecture and contains both lower and upper floating-point registers on the SPARC-V9 architecture.
  `c`
    Floating-point condition code register.
  `d`
    Lower floating-point register. It is only valid on the SPARC-V9 architecture when the Visual Instruction Set is available.
  `b`
    Floating-point register. It is only valid on the SPARC-V9 architecture when the Visual Instruction Set is available.
  `h`
    64-bit global or out register for the SPARC-V8+ architecture.
  `I`
    Signed 13-bit constant
  `J`
    Zero
  `K`
    32-bit constant with the low 12 bits clear (a constant that can be loaded with the `sethi` instruction)
  `L`
    A constant in the range supported by `movcc` instructions
  `M`
    A constant in the range supported by `movrcc` instructions
  `N`
    Same as ‘`K`’, except that it verifies that bits that are not in the lower 32-bit range are all zero. Must be used instead of ‘`K`’ for modes wider than `SImode`
  `O`
    The constant 4096
  `G`
    Floating-point zero
  `H`
    Signed 13-bit constant, sign-extended to 32 or 64 bits
  `Q`
    Floating-point constant whose integral representation can be moved into an integer register using a single sethi instruction
  `R`
    Floating-point constant whose integral representation can be moved into an integer register using a single mov instruction
  `S`
    Floating-point constant whose integral representation can be moved into an integer register using a high/lo_sum instruction sequence
  `T`
    Memory address aligned to an 8-byte boundary
  `U`
    Even register
  `W`
    Memory address for ‘`e`’ constraint registers
  `Y`
    Vector zero
TMS320C3x/C4x—`c4x.h`
  `a`
    Auxiliary (address) register (ar0-ar7)
  `b`
    Stack pointer register (sp)
  `c`
    Standard (32-bit) precision integer register
  `f`
    Extended (40-bit) precision register (r0-r11)
  `k`
    Block count register (bk)
  `q`
    Extended (40-bit) precision low register (r0-r7)
  `t`
    Extended (40-bit) precision register (r0-r1)
  `u`
    Extended (40-bit) precision register (r2-r3)
  `v`
    Repeat count register (rc)
  `x`
    Index register (ir0-ir1)
  `y`
    Status (condition code) register (st)
  `z`
    Data page register (dp)
  `G`
    Floating-point zero
  `H`
    Immediate 16-bit floating-point constant
  `I`
    Signed 16-bit constant
  `J`
    Signed 8-bit constant
  `K`
    Signed 5-bit constant
  `L`
    Unsigned 16-bit constant
  `M`
    Unsigned 8-bit constant
  `N`
    Ones complement of unsigned 16-bit constant
  `O`
    High 16-bit constant (32-bit constant with 16 LSBs zero)
  `Q`
    Indirect memory reference with signed 8-bit or index register displacement
  `R`
    Indirect memory reference with unsigned 5-bit displacement
  `S`
    Indirect memory reference with 1 bit or index register displacement
  `T`
    Direct memory reference
  `U`
    Symbolic address
S/390 and zSeries—`s390.h`
  `a`
    Address register (general purpose register except r0)
  `c`
    Condition code register
  `d`
    Data register (arbitrary general purpose register)
  `f`
    Floating-point register
  `I`
    Unsigned 8-bit constant (0–255)
  `J`
    Unsigned 12-bit constant (0–4095)
  `K`
    Signed 16-bit constant (−32768–32767)
  `L`
    Value appropriate as displacement.
    `(0..4095)`
      for short displacement
    `(-524288..524287)`
      for long displacement
  `M`
    Constant integer with a value of 0x7fffffff.
  `N`
    Multiple letter constraint followed by 4 parameter letters.
    `0..9:`
      number of the part counting from most to least significant
    `H,Q:`
      mode of the part
    `D,S,H:`
      mode of the containing operand
    `0,F:`
      value of the other parts (F—all bits set)
    The constraint matches if the specified part of a constant has a value different from it's other parts.
  `Q`
    Memory reference without index register and with short displacement.
  `R`
    Memory reference with index register and short displacement.
  `S`
    Memory reference without index register but with long displacement.
  `T`
    Memory reference with index register and long displacement.
  `U`
    Pointer with short displacement.
  `W`
    Pointer with long displacement.
  `Y`
    Shift count operand.
Xstormy16—`stormy16.h`
  `a`
    Register r0.
  `b`
    Register r1.
  `c`
    Register r2.
  `d`
    Register r8.
  `e`
    Registers r0 through r7.
  `t`
    Registers r0 and r1.
  `y`
    The carry register.
  `z`
    Registers r8 and r9.
  `I`
    A constant between 0 and 3 inclusive.
  `J`
    A constant that has exactly one bit set.
  `K`
    A constant that has exactly one bit clear.
  `L`
    A constant between 0 and 255 inclusive.
  `M`
    A constant between −255 and 0 inclusive.
  `N`
    A constant between −3 and 0 inclusive.
  `O`
    A constant between 1 and 4 inclusive.
  `P`
    A constant between −4 and −1 inclusive.
  `Q`
    A memory reference that is a stack push.
  `R`
    A memory reference that is a stack pop.
  `S`
    A memory reference that refers to a constant address of known value.
  `T`
    The register indicated by Rx (not implemented yet).
  `U`
    A constant that is not between 2 and 15 inclusive.
  `Z`
    The constant 0.
Xtensa—`xtensa.h`
  `a`
    General-purpose 32-bit register
  `b`
    One-bit boolean register
  `A`
    MAC16 40-bit accumulator register
  `I`
    Signed 12-bit integer constant, for use in MOVI instructions
  `J`
    Signed 8-bit integer constant, for use in ADDI instructions
  `K`
    Integer constant valid for BccI instructions
  `L`
    Unsigned constant valid for BccUI instructions